Summary: Academic Article

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On domingo, 27 de febrero de 2011 at 13:18

Two processes affect the characteristics of vowels; phonological and phonetic vowel reduction. The former applies to unstressed vowels and the latter applies to all vowels and it causes by fast speech rates, context and lack of stress. The changes in stress and in rate of speech on the acoustic characteristics of American English vowels were examined. Four male and four female natives produced these vowels in two contexts. Measurements of duration and frequency showed the vary tempo and stress. The change in stress on vowel duration was larger than in tempo. The vowel portion was analyzed; formant tracks were plotted in an auditory- perceptual space. These plots determined the part of the utterance considered its steady state. The distance of these data points from the point representing the acoustic characteristics of a vowel was used to determine the magnitude of phonetic vowel reduction caused by faster tempo and less stress. The results indicate that tempo and stress may not have influence on the distances of individual vowels from the neutral point, however the size of the vowel space was affected. It was largest for the slow stressed condition and smallest for the fast unstressed condition.  (195)

Tempo, Stress and Vowel Reduction in American English

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On at 13:09

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 90, Issue 4, pp. 1816-1827 (October 1991)

Two processes that affect the acoustic characteristics of vowels, namely, phonological and phonetic vowel reduction are discussed. Phonological vowel reduction applies to unstressed vowels. Phonetic vowel reduction is supposed to apply to all vowels and be caused by fast speech rates, context, as well as lack of stress. In this experiment, the effects of changes in stress and in rate of speech (tempo) on the acoustic characteristics of American English monophthongal, nonretroflex vowels were examined. Four male and four female native speakers produced these vowels in two contexts, [h [underaccent underbar [below]  d] and [b [underaccent underbar [below]  d], in a carrier sentence, under four conditions of tempo stress (slow-stressed, slow-unstressed, fast-stressed, and fast-unstressed). Measurements of duration and fundamental frequency showed that the subjects did, in fact, vary tempo and stress as instructed. The effect of a change in stress on vowel duration was found to be slightly larger than that of a change in tempo. The putative vowel portion of each utterance was analyzed, formant tracks were obtained, and these were plotted in an auditory–perceptual space [J. D. Miller, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 2114–2134 (1989)]. These plots served to determine the part of the utterance that could, in most cases, be considered its steady state. For each utterance, an average of the coordinates of this steady-state portion was taken and was used to represent the utterance as a point in the auditory–perceptual space. The distance of these data points from the point representing the acoustic characteristics of a vowel produced by a neutral vocal tract was used to determine the magnitude of phonetic vowel reduction caused by faster tempo and less stress, relative to the slow-stressed condition. Although the results indicate that tempo and stress may not have a major influence on the distances of individual vowels from the neutral point, the size of the vowel space overall was affected. The vowel space was largest for the slow stressed condition and smallest for the fast unstressed condition. In addition, several vowel classifications schemes were tested using linear discriminant analysis, and the one proposed by Miller (1989) performed better than other combinations of fundamental frequency and the first three formants.

Issue Date: October 1991
Marios Fourakis
Central Institute for the Deaf, 818 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110


http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000090000004001816000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&ref=no


Wordy Sentences: Exercise

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On at 9:56

Edit the following paragraph to make any wordy sentence as short as possible without changing their meaning. Rule numbers in the margin refer to a appropiate strategies in section 16. The first wordy sentence has been revised for you

The modern economics founder, Adam Smith has been controvertial since he proposed a theory in the XVIII century. This economist, born in Scotland and educated in England, wrote a political economy study. The Wealth of  Nations was published in 1776;  year of the American's independence. Smith's book alluded the interdependence of freedom and order, economic processes, and free trade laws. His thinking did not affect economic policies but it influenced in the next century. "The invisible hand" and "laissez faire" are synonymous with Smith's name. History has made Smith’s ideas more controversial.  Say "Adam Smith" to conservative businesspeople, and they will response "He was a good man who understood how business works!". Say it to liberal reformers, and they will mutter "He was evil and sold the average citizen down the river". These are reactions that indicate the controversy aroused by Smith's ideas is still alive.

Wordy Sentences

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On at 6:56

Sentence Reducing Strategies

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On miércoles, 9 de febrero de 2011 at 17:08

Exercise 1
This summary must be reduced to 115 words. Watch your professor using the sentence reducing strategies to omit unnecessary words and avoid redundant expressions.


Schenker states that in the future, houses will be networked making people's life easier and comfortable. The electronic devices will be connected to internet and will have special chips to control different activities like housework, communications, shopping, bill or people's social life. The disadvantages of having a networked home do not seem to be significant. People will just have to pay some dollars for the extra chips, the connection to internet and the security measures to protect the system against cyber pirating. People will not afford the maintenance because the services will repair themselves. The money will not mean much considering all the benefits of having a smart house. (109)

Exercise 2
Monica has sent her summary to the evaluative committee of the magazine "tesol quarterly" to be considered for future publication. However it was sent back because the word limit was 115. Help Monica to reduce it and fullfil the demands of the audience to be accepted.

This study examined 1,600 comments written on 110 first drafts of essays by 47 university ESL advanced students, considering the pragmatic goals for and the linguistic features of each comment. Drafts of essays were examined to observe the influence of the first draft commentary on the student’s revision and assess whether that were made in response to the teacher’s feedback improved the essays. A significant proportion of the comments led to student revision, and there were particular types and forms of commentary that were more helpful than others. The final results are suggestive of important implications for L2 writing instruction and for future studies on a vital but neglected topic. (109)

Article

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On jueves, 25 de noviembre de 2010 at 7:39

The Clouds Reflect the Beauty and Health of the Nature

It seems from the sky everything looks perfect. The ocean is quiet, the sunset reflects its beauty under the water and the clouds drawn themselves on the ocean. The nature shows its power and splendor. The clouds are part of this nature. They have inspired a lot of artists to create their painting. We can find clouds in different pictures, may be they are not the main theme but they are part of it. Also, when children are drawing, it is very common to find some clouds in their draws. On the other hand, from a scientific point of view they are part of a process called condensation that is important for the world and specially, for human beings because it helps us to get water from rivers, ocean, etc. Recently, clouds do not tend to look as healthy as they used to. Sometimes, they seem polluted and one of the reasons is because our unconscious work activities, so it is important to keep in mind that some of our human actions are destroying this nature. We should try not to pollute in order to have a beautiful nature and we can see it reflected in the clouds.

Conciseness

Publicado por Pedro Pablo Escalante | | Posted On miércoles, 24 de noviembre de 2010 at 19:17

When we write it is important to keep in mind the appropriate words in order to do our writing more concise. Sometimes, there are words or phrases that are unnecessary within the writing, so they can be deleted or replaced. This is what concise writing is about.